电影类作品中的版权问题

董世连


一、电影类作品的概念

　　电影类作品是指摄制在一定的介质上，由一系列连续有伴音和无伴音的画面组成，并借助适当装置放映、播放或者以其他方式传播的作品，包括电影作品和以类似摄制电影的方法创作的作品。纪录片、电视剧、动画片、故事片、科教片、美术片、广告片等均属电影类作品。一般而言，电影类作品具有以下特点：1.包含的信息是一个完整的综合信息；2.由一系列有伴音或无伴音的画面组成，并以某种连续的、动态的方式表达；3.具有独创性，而不是复制已有的作品。

二、电影类作品的版权主体

　　电影类作品的形成是一个比较复杂、系统的智力创作过程，它是由众多作者共同创作的综合性艺术类作品，例如，一部电影可能涉及小说作者、将小说改编成剧本的作者、将剧本改编成分镜头剧本的作者（导演）、拍摄影片的摄影作者、配曲配调的词曲作者、美工设计的作者等。虽然电影类作品是由编剧、导演、摄影、作词、作曲等作者共同创作完成的，但是根据《著作权法》规定，电影类作品的版权由作品的制片者享有。当然，电影编剧、导演、摄影、作词、作曲等也享有署名权，并有权按照与制片者签订的合同获得报酬。同时，电影类作品中的剧本、音乐等可以单独使用的作品的作者有权单独行使其版权。

三、电影类作品的版权内容

　　根据《著作权法》规定，电影类作品属于艺术类“作品”的范畴，制片者对其享有完整的版权，既包括基于电影类作品的产生而依法享有的发表权、署名权、修改权和保护作品完整权等人身权，也包括基于电影类作品的利用而带来的复制权、发行权、出租权、放映权、改编权等财产权。
　　为了理解制片者对电影类作品享有的版权的完整性，应把制片者对电影类作品享有的权利和录音录像制品制作者对录音录像制品享有的权利进行区分。录音录像制品是对他人作品的一种复制，不具有独创性，例如，复制性的录制他人报告、讲学等而制作的电视片、录像片等不属于《著作权法》规定的“作品”。录音录像制品制作者享有的权利是一种邻接权，是从属于版权的一种权利，是一种不完整的权利，这种权利的获取，需要取得相应作品的版权人许可，例如，录音录像制作者要将他人的演讲制作成录音录像制品进行发行，必须取得演讲者许可。录音录像制作者对其制作的录音录像制品，只享有许可他人复制、发行、出租、通过信息网络向公众传播并获得报酬的财产权。

四、电影类作品的相关权利分析

（一）可单独使用的作品的版权行使与制片者合理使用的限度

　　电影类作品是由相关作者共同创作完成的综合性艺术作品，存在电影类作品的整体版权与单独作品版权两个方面的版权。
　　制片者与电影类作品涉及的相关作者签订合同，支付报酬，根据法律规定对电影类作品的整体享有版权。制片人行使电影类作品的版权，不能侵犯单一作品创作者的权利，即不能超过电影类作品的正常商业运作的合理限度，除非在与创作者的合同中获得了这些权利，例如，如果音乐作者只转让了其作品在电影中使用的权利，制片者就不能将其制作为唱片内容。
　　电影类作品中的剧本、音乐等可以单独使用的作品的作者享有并有权行使其作品的版权，例如，编剧作者可以出版其创作的剧本，词曲作者也可以将他们的作品另外制作唱片，动画片中的剧本、音乐、人物造型设计等也可以单独使用。但是单一作品版权的使用，不得与电影类作品整体版权的行使相冲突，并且不得违反与制片者的合同约定。

（二）电影类作品中的角色保护问题

　　随着“米老鼠”、“大力水手”等侵权案件的发生，电影类作品中的角色，已成为一种开发资源，也成为一种权利客体。
　　根据相关研究，目前无论国际公约还是我国的《著作权法》对作品中“角色”保护都没有明确的规定。作品中“角色”是否受法律保护，以及谁为权利主体，应根据“角色”使用情况来确定。例如，如果电影类作品中的“角色”属于可以单独使用的作品，那么“角色”版权应该由相应的创作者享有，又如，单一使用角色的静止图案，并与原作品中含角色的场景画面（连续或静止）构成实质性相似，则可能侵害了相应美术作品或者摄影作品创作者的版权。

（三）参与电影类作品创作的相关权利人

　　参与电影类作品创作的相关权利人，一般包括：脚本、撰稿、解说词等文字作者；音乐词曲作者、演唱者、演奏者；影视、摄影、文献、档案等素材的权利人；在一些纪录片中还可能有嘉宾、被采访者；在动画片等作品中，还有人物造型设计者、动画场景设计者、分镜头台本作者、配音演员等参与创作的人员；以及其他创作人员。以上权利人在作品中均享有署名权，同时有根据合同获得相应报酬的权利。

（四）电影类作品版权行使中涉及的相关合同种类

　　在电影类作品形成过程中，根据作品内容、使用情况和参与人员，一般制片者应与相关权利人签订以下几类合同：

1.使用、改编、翻译国内外的作品，包括文字、音乐、摄影资料等作品，应签订版权许可合同，获得相关权利人许可；
2.委托创作各类作品，应与受托人签订作品委托创作合同；
3.邀请演员、嘉宾参加节目录制时，应签署表演合同或确认书；
4.在作品形成过程中，因创作产生的其他与作品版权相关的合同。
　　在合同中，合同双方应该明确约定权利的内容和范围，例如，合同中如果明确约定，单独作品版权中全部财产权归属制片方，则单独作品版权人就不可以单独行使其版权。
　　同时制片者可与相应版权集体管理组织形成长期合作关系，与之签订一揽子合同并付酬使用相关作品。

（五）对不同作品，应根据其保护期限和范围进行使用

　　版权保护是有期限限制的，同时我国《著作权法》中有合理使用和法定许可制度，而且有些作品根据自身特点，可能会有多个权利人，所以对于不同的作品，可视不同情况进行使用。例如，对于已过版权保护期的国内外音乐作品进入公有领域，其财产权利不再受法律保护，任何人均可使用该作品，但应尊重作者署名权；使用他人已经合法录制为录音制品的音乐作品制作录音制品的，可以不经著作权人许可，但应当按照规定支付报酬，著作权人声明不许使用的除外；使用他人录音录像制品的，既要经录音录像制作者许可，还应和版权人、表演者签订合同，取得许可。
　　总之，电影类作品的创作过程复杂，涉及各方面的法律关系，均应一一理顺，避免侵权，减少不必要的损失。
Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE
　(CHAPTER 415)
　ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
　　
　　ion.
　　
　　I　　　　PRELIMINARY
　　hort title
　　nterpretation
　　pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
　　
　　II　　　 ADMINISTRATION
　　egistrar of Ships
　　nstructions
　　rotection of public officers
　　
　　III　　　THE REGISTER
　　egister of ships
　　nspection, etc. of register
　　ectification of register
　　Correction of clerical errors in register
　　
　　IV　　　 REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
　　
　　strable ships and interests
　　Registrable ships
　　Registration of property in ships
　　
　　urement and identification of ships
　　Tonnage regulations
　　Tonnage and description of ships
　　Tonnage of ships registered, etc. outside Hong Kong
　　Ship names regulations
　　Rules as to ship names
　　Marking of ship
　　
　　stration procedures
　　Application for registration
　　Declarations by and on behalf of owners and demise charterers
　　Evidence on first registration
　　Refusal of registration
　　Entry of particulars in the register
　　Certificate of registry
　　Retention of documents
　　Port of registry
　　
　　isional registration
　　Application for provisional registration
　　Entry of particulars in the register on provisional registration
　　Period of provisional registration
　　Certificate of provisional registration
　　Retention of documents on provisional registration
　　Application of Ordinance in relation to ships provisionally
registered
　　
　　etc. of certificates and flags
　　Custody of certificate
　　Use of improper certificate
　　Replacement of lost, etc. certificate
　　Application of preceding sections to certificate of provisional
　　registry
　　Proper colours
　　
　　V　　　　TRANSFERS AND TRANSMISSIONS
　　Application and interpretation of Part V
　　Transfer of ships
　　Declaration of transfer
　　Registration of transfer
　　Transmission of ship by operation of law
　　
　　VI　　　 MORTGAGES
　　Definitions in Part VI
　　Mortgage of ship
　　Priority of mortgages, etc.
　　Mortgagee not treated as owner
　　Mortgagee to have power of disposal
　　Transfer of mortgage
　　Transmission of mortgage by operation of law
　　Discharge of mortgage
　　Power of disposal by owner
　　Trusts not recognized
　　Equities not excluded
　　
　　VII　　　CLOSURE OF REGISTRATION
　　
　　es of owners, etc. in relation to registrability of ships
　　Notice of change of address, etc. of owner
　　Notice of dissolution, etc. of body corporate owner or charterer
　　Notice of termination of demise charter
　　Notice of loss, transfer, etc. of ship
　　Delivery of foreign certificate of deletion
　　
　　ure of registration
　　Owner seeking closure of registration
　　Closure on receipt of notice concerning registrability
　　Closure on failure to comply with requirements of Ordinance
　　Closure on failure to pay fees or charges
　　Closure on failure of representative person to act, etc.
　　Closure by direction generally
　　Issue of certificate of deletion
　　Delivery of certificate of registry on closure
　　Register entries relating to mortgages
　　
　　VIII　　 REPRESENTATIVE PERSONS
　　Representative person
　　Notice of change of business by representative person
　　Notice of intention to cease acting
　　Duties, etc. of representative person
　　Notice to replace representative person
　　
　　IX　　　 GOVERNMENT SHIPS
　　Meaning of "Government ship"
　　Registrability of Government ships
　　Application for registration of Government ship
　　Entry of particulars of Government ship in the register
　　Certificate of registry of Government ship
　　Retention of documents relating to Government ship
　　Transfer of registered Government ship
　　Application of Ordinance to Government ships
　　
　　X　　　　MISCELLANEOUS
　　Alterations to ships
　　Registration a new
　　Grant of new certificate of registry
　　Mode of making declarations
　　Power of Registrar to dispense with declarations, etc.
　　False declarations or information
　　Documents, copies and admissibility in evidence
　　Service of documents
　　Taking detained ship to sea
　　Fees and charges regulations
　　References to ship registered in Hong Kong
　　Amendment of Schedules
　　Time limit for criminal proceedings
　　
　　XI　　　 TRANSITIONAL SHIPS
　　Interpretation of Part XI
　　Ships registered under the Act
　　Ships not yet registered under the Act
　　Entry of particulars in respect of transitional ships
　　Certificate of registry for transitional ships
　　Retention of documents for transitional ships
　　Return of certificates issued under the Act
　　Transitional ship ceasing to be registrable
　　Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
　　
　　XII　　　CONSEQUENTIAL AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS
　　Application of Merchant Shipping Acts
　　Savings, amendments and repeals
　　
　　dule 1. Proper colours of a registered ship
　　dule 2. Specified Ordinances
　　dule 3. Application of Ordinance to Government ships
　　dule 4. Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
　　dule 5. Amendments and repeals
　　
　　rdinance to provide for the registration of ships in Hong Kong
and for
　　ted matters.
　　ecember 1990] L. N. 366 of 1990
　PART I PRELIMINARY
　　
　　hort title
　　Ordinance may　be　cited　as　the　Merchant　Shipping　
(Registration)
　　nance.
　　
　　nterpretation
　　In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires-
　　horized surveyor" means a surveyor appointed by a Certifying
Authority
　　rred to in section 13 for the purposes of the tonnage regulations;
　　lder's certificate" in relation to a ship, means a certificate　
signed
　　he builder of the ship and containing a true account of-
　　the proper denomination and tonnage of the ship, as estimated by
him;
　　the date when and place where the ship was built; and
　　the name of the person on whose account the ship was built;
　　tificate of deletion" means a certificate　of　deletion　issued　
under
　　ion 65; "certificate of provisional registry" means a　
certificate　of
　　isional registry granted under section 30 and　a　new　
certificate　of
　　isional registry granted under section 35;
　　tificate of registry" means a certificate of　registry　granted　
under
　　ion 24, 77 or 98 and a　new　certificate　of　registry　granted　
under
　　ion 35 or 83; "certificate of survey" means a certificate　
granted　by
　　uthorized surveyor under section 14;
　　tificate or declaration of marking", in relation to a ship, means-
　　a certificate signed by an authorized surveyor; or
　　a declaration made in Hong Kong by one or more of the owners or
by the
　　se charterer of the ship,
　　ifying or declaring, as the case may be, that the ship's name and
port
　　egistry have been marked as directed by the Registrar;
　　mencement date" means the date appointed by the Governor under
section
　　) for the coming into operation of this Ordinance;
　　ise charter" means a charter party by which a ship is chartered
or let
　　emise and under which the demise charterer has the possession　of　
the
　　and has sole control of all matters relating to　the　navigation　
and
　　ation of the ship including employment of the master and crew;
"demise
　　terer" means the charterer of a ship under a demise　charter,　
and　in
　　tion to a registered or provisionally registered ship means　a　
person
　　stered as demise charterer under this Ordinance;
　　ector" means the Director of Marine;
　　eign certificate　of　deletion",　in　relation　to　a　ship,　
means　a
　　ificate or other document issued by the relevant authority of a　
place
　　ide Hong Kong and certifying or stating, as the case may　be,　to　
the
　　ct that the ship has been deleted from the register of ships　in　
that
　　e;
　　ernment" means the Government of Hong Kong;
　　ntity card", in relation to any person, means an identity card　
issued
　　hat person under the Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap.
177);
　　tructions" means administrative instructions issued　by　the　
Director
　　r section 5; "lodged" means delivered to and accepted by the
Registrar
　　ccordance with this Ordinance;
　　ter" includes every person (except a pilot) having command　or　
charge
　　ny ship;
　　er", in relation to a registered　or　provisionally　registered　
ship,
　　s a person registered as owner under　this　Ordinance;　
"provisionally
　　stered", in relation to a ship, means provisionally　registered　
under
　　ion 28;
　　
　　lified person" has the meaning assigned to it by section 11 (4);
　　ister" means the register of ships kept under section 7;
　　istered",　in　relation　to　a　ship,　means　registered　
under　 this
　　nance;
　　istrable", in relation to a ship, means able to　be　registered　
under
　　Ordinance;
　　Registrar" means any person appointed as a Registrar of　Ships　
under
　　ion 4 (1) and, where the term is used in connection with　a　power　
or
　　tion for the time being exercised by the Director pursuant to　
section
　　), includes the Director;
　　resentative person", in relation to a ship, means　the　
representative
　　on for the time being appointed in relation to the ship under　
section
　　
　　p" means, subject to section 3, every description of vessel
capable of
　　gating in water not propelled by oars, and includes any ship, boat　
or
　　t and an air-cushion vehicle or similar craft used wholly or
partly in
　　gation in water; "tonnage regulations" means　regulations　as　
to　the
　　age of ships made under section 13.
　　Where in relation to a ship or to any matter connected with a ship
any
　　ision of this Ordinance-
　　imposes a duty or liability on either of the owner or demise
charterer
　　he ship; or
　　provides for the service of notice on either of the　owner　or　
demise
　　terer of the ship, the provision shall be construed　as　imposing　
the
　　or liability or providing for the service of notice-
　　in the case of a ship registered or to　be　registered　by　
virtue　of
　　ion 11 (1) (a), on the owner; or
　　in the case of a ship registered or to be　registered　by　virtue　
of
　　ion 11　(1)　(b),　on　the　demise　charterer,　but　nothing　
in　this
　　ection shall prejudice or affect the operation of that provision
in so
　　as it imposes the duty or liability, or provides for　the　
service　of
　　ce, as the case may be, on any person other than the owner　or　
demise
　　terer.
　　pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
　　Director may by notice published in the Gazette provide that　a　
thing
　　gned or adapted for use at sea and described in the notice　is　
or　is
　　to be treated as a ship for the　purpose　of　any　provision　of　
this
　　nance specified in the notice, and any such notice may-
　　make different provision in relation to different occasions; and
　　if it provides that a thing is to be treated as a ship for the
purpose
　　provision specified in the notice, provide that the　provision　
shall
　　effect in relation to the craft with such　modifications　as　
are　so
　　ified.
　PART II ADMINISTRATION
　　
　　egistrar of Ships
　　The Director shall in writing appoint one or more public　
officers　to
　　egistrars of Ships.
　　The Registrar shall have such powers,　functions　and　duties　
as　are
　　erred or imposed upon him by this Ordinance or any other law.
　　Without prejudice to subsection (2), the Director shall have　and　
may
　　cise the powers and functions of the Registrar　referred　to　in　
that
　　ection.
　　nstructions
　　The Director may issue to the Registrar and to other　public　
officers
　　administrative instructions not inconsistent with this　
Ordinance　as
　　appear to him to be necessary or expedient for the better carrying
out
　　he provisions of this Ordinance.
　　The Director shall publish such instructions in such manner as
he sees
　　
　　Where in this Ordinance there is reference　to　a　specified　
form　or
　　er-
　　that form or manner may be specified by the Director in　
instructions;
　　
　　if the instructions so provide, deviations from the specified
form　or
　　er not affecting the substance thereof shall not invalidate that　
form
　　anner.
　　The Registrar and any other　public　officer　shall　comply　
with　any
　　ructions issued to him.
　　rotection of public officers
　　No public officer shall be personally liable for any damage,
injury or
　　suffered or incurred by any person as a result of　any　act　done　
or
　　sion made by the public officer in　good　faith　in　the　
exercise　or
　　ormance or purported exercise or performance of any power,
function or
　　under this Ordinance.
　　The protection conferred on　public　officers　by　subsection　
(1)　in
　　ect of any act or omission shall not in any way affect　any　
liability
　　he Crown in tort for that act or omission.
　PART III THE REGISTER
　　
　　egister of ships
　　The　Registrar　shall　keep　a　register　of　ships　
registered　 or
　　isionally registered under this Ordinance.
　　The register shall contain　such　particulars　in　respect　of　
ships,
　　rs　and　their　respective　interests　in　ships,　demise　
charterers,
　　gagees and representative persons as are prescribed.
　　The register may be kept in legible or non-legible form but if
kept in
　　legible form any entry in the　register　shall　be　capable　of　
being
　　oduced in legible form.
　　
　　nspection, etc. of register
　　person may, on payment of the prescribed fee-
　　inspect the register in legible form;
　　require to be furnished with a copy of, or extract from, any entry　
in
　　register in legible form; or
　　require such copy or extract to be certified as a true copy by　
or　on
　　lf of the Registrar.
　　ectification of register
　　Where it appears to any person interested that　there　is　a　
material
　　r in the register, he　may　apply　in　writing　to　the　
Director　for
　　ification of the register.
　　Upon receipt of an application under subsection (1) the Director　
may,
　　n his opinion there is a material error in the register-
　　direct the Registrar to rectify the register; or
　　subject to subsection (3), require the applicant to apply to the　
High
　　t for rectification of the register.
　　Subsection (2) (b) shall not apply in any case where, in　the　
opinion
　　he Director, the material error is due to the negligence or wilful
act
　　mission of the Registrar.
　　Notice of an application to the High　Court　under　this　
section　for
　　ification shall be served by the applicant on　the　Director　
and　the
　　ctor may appear and be heard in the proceedings.
　　The High Court may, in proceedings under this section-
　　make such order as it thinks fit concerning the rectification　of　
the
　　ster; and
　　decide any question that　it　is　necessary　or　expedient　to　
decide
　　erning such rectification.
　　A copy of an order　under　subsection　(5)　shall　be　served　
on　the
　　ctor and the Registrar.
　　The Registrar shall-
　　comply with any direction to rectify the register under
subsection (2)
　　
　　upon receipt of the copy of an order served under subsection (6),　
and
　　he order so requires, rectify the register accordingly.
　　For the purposes of this section-
　　there is a material error in the register if there is an error
of fact
　　ubstance in the register;
　　without limiting the generality of paragraph (a), there is a　
material
　　r in the register if-
　　an entry is omitted from the register;
　　an entry is made in the register without sufficient cause;
　　) an entry wrongly exists in the register; or
　　there is an error or defect in an entry in the register; and
　　the reference in paragraph (b)　(i)　to　an　entry　omitted　
from　the
　　ster shall be read as including　a　reference　to　a　matter　
that　is
　　ired or permitted by this Ordinance to be entered, or　to　remain,　
in
　　register but is not entered in, or is removed from, the register.
　　The jurisdiction of the High Court under this section may be
exercised
　　he Registrar of the Supreme Court or a Master thereof.
　　Correction of clerical errors in register
　　Registrar may correct, or cause to be corrected, any clerical
error or
　　ous mistake in the register.
　PART IV REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
　　
　Registrable ships and interests
　　
　　Registrable ships
　　Subject to this Ordinance, a ship is registrable if-
　　a majority interest in the ship is owned　by　one　or　more　
qualified
　　ons; or
　　the ship is operated under a demise charter by a body corporate　
being
　　alified person (whether or not a majority　interest　in　the　
ship　is
　　d by one or more qualified persons), and a　representative　
person　is
　　inted in relation to the ship.
　　A registered ship ceases to be registrable if-
　　being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1)　(a),　a　
majority
　　rest in the ship ceases to be owned by one or more qualified
persons;
　　being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (b)--
　　the ship ceases to be operated　under　a　demise　charter　by　
a　body
　　orate being a qualified person (whether by reason of　the　
termination
　　he demise charter or otherwise);
　　the ship or any share in or　part　of　the　ship　is　
transferred　or
　　smitted; or
　　) the rights of the demise charterer　under　the　demise　
charter　are
　　gned;
　　the ship is taken in war or hostilities, as　a　result　of　which　
the
　　r or demise charterer has lost control over the operation of the
ship;

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